使用 CaptchaAI 在 Python 中构建验证码求解队列 (实用指南)

当大规模抓取时，您需要的不仅仅是一次一个验证码解决。队列系统将验证码提交与结果检索分离，从而实现数百个任务的并行解决。

为什么使用队列？

单请求验证码解决会浪费等待时间。队列系统：

立即提交所有验证码
并行轮询多个任务 ID
重试失败自动解决
控制并发以遵守 API 速率限制
提供进度跟踪和回调

基本线程队列

import time
import threading
import requests
from queue import Queue, Empty

API_KEY = "YOUR_API_KEY"


class CaptchaQueue:
    """Thread-based CAPTCHA solving queue."""

    def __init__(self, api_key, max_workers=10):
        self.api_key = api_key
        self.task_queue = Queue()
        self.result_queue = Queue()
        self.max_workers = max_workers
        self.workers = []

    def submit(self, method, callback=None, **params):
        """Add a CAPTCHA task to the queue."""
        task = {
            "method": method,
            "params": params,
            "callback": callback,
        }
        self.task_queue.put(task)

    def start(self):
        """Start worker threads."""
        for _ in range(self.max_workers):
            t = threading.Thread(target=self._worker, daemon=True)
            t.start()
            self.workers.append(t)

    def wait(self):
        """Wait for all tasks to complete."""
        self.task_queue.join()

    def get_results(self):
        """Get all available results."""
        results = []
        while not self.result_queue.empty():
            try:
                results.append(self.result_queue.get_nowait())
            except Empty:
                break
        return results

    def _worker(self):
        while True:
            try:
                task = self.task_queue.get(timeout=1)
            except Empty:
                continue

            try:
                result = self._solve(task["method"], **task["params"])
                entry = {"status": "solved", "result": result, "task": task}
                self.result_queue.put(entry)
                if task["callback"]:
                    task["callback"](result)
            except Exception as e:
                entry = {"status": "error", "error": str(e), "task": task}
                self.result_queue.put(entry)
            finally:
                self.task_queue.task_done()

    def _solve(self, method, **params):
        submit = requests.post("https://ocr.captchaai.com/in.php", data={
            "key": self.api_key, "method": method, "json": 1, **params,
        }, timeout=30).json()

        if submit.get("status") != 1:
            raise Exception(f"Submit error: {submit.get('request')}")

        task_id = submit["request"]
        for _ in range(30):
            time.sleep(5)
            result = requests.get("https://ocr.captchaai.com/res.php", params={
                "key": self.api_key, "action": "get", "id": task_id, "json": 1,
            }, timeout=30).json()
            if result.get("status") == 1:
                return result["request"]
            if result.get("request") == "ERROR_CAPTCHA_UNSOLVABLE":
                raise Exception("CAPTCHA unsolvable")
        raise TimeoutError("Solve timed out")


# Usage
queue = CaptchaQueue(API_KEY, max_workers=5)
queue.start()

# Submit multiple CAPTCHAs
urls_and_sitekeys = [
    ("https://example.com/page1", "SITEKEY_1"),
    ("https://example.com/page2", "SITEKEY_2"),
    ("https://example.com/page3", "SITEKEY_3"),
]

for url, sitekey in urls_and_sitekeys:
    queue.submit("userrecaptcha", googlekey=sitekey, pageurl=url)

queue.wait()
results = queue.get_results()
print(f"Solved {len(results)} CAPTCHAs")
for r in results:
    print(f"  {r['status']}: {r.get('result', r.get('error', ''))[:50]}")

使用 asyncio 的异步队列

import asyncio
import aiohttp

API_KEY = "YOUR_API_KEY"


class AsyncCaptchaQueue:
    """Async CAPTCHA solving queue with concurrency control."""

    def __init__(self, api_key, max_concurrent=10):
        self.api_key = api_key
        self.semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(max_concurrent)
        self.results = []

    async def solve_batch(self, tasks):
        """Solve a batch of CAPTCHA tasks concurrently."""
        coros = [self._solve_task(task) for task in tasks]
        self.results = await asyncio.gather(*coros, return_exceptions=True)
        return self.results

    async def _solve_task(self, task):
        async with self.semaphore:
            return await self._solve(task["method"], **task["params"])

    async def _solve(self, method, **params):
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
            # Submit
            async with session.post("https://ocr.captchaai.com/in.php", data={
                "key": self.api_key, "method": method, "json": 1, **params,
            }) as resp:
                data = await resp.json(content_type=None)
                if data.get("status") != 1:
                    raise Exception(f"Submit error: {data.get('request')}")
                task_id = data["request"]

            # Poll
            for _ in range(30):
                await asyncio.sleep(5)
                async with session.get("https://ocr.captchaai.com/res.php", params={
                    "key": self.api_key, "action": "get", "id": task_id, "json": 1,
                }) as resp:
                    result = await resp.json(content_type=None)
                    if result.get("status") == 1:
                        return result["request"]
                    if result.get("request") == "ERROR_CAPTCHA_UNSOLVABLE":
                        raise Exception("CAPTCHA unsolvable")

            raise TimeoutError("Solve timed out")


# Usage
async def main():
    queue = AsyncCaptchaQueue(API_KEY, max_concurrent=5)

    tasks = [
        {"method": "userrecaptcha", "params": {"googlekey": f"SITEKEY_{i}", "pageurl": f"https://example.com/page{i}"}}
        for i in range(10)
    ]

    results = await queue.solve_batch(tasks)
    for i, result in enumerate(results):
        if isinstance(result, Exception):
            print(f"Task {i}: ERROR — {result}")
        else:
            print(f"Task {i}: {result[:50]}...")


asyncio.run(main())

生产者-消费者模式

对于动态发现页面的连续抓取工作负载：

import asyncio
import aiohttp

API_KEY = "YOUR_API_KEY"


class ProducerConsumerQueue:
    """Continuous CAPTCHA solving with producer-consumer pattern."""

    def __init__(self, api_key, queue_size=100, num_consumers=5):
        self.api_key = api_key
        self.queue = asyncio.Queue(maxsize=queue_size)
        self.num_consumers = num_consumers
        self.solved_count = 0
        self.error_count = 0
        self.running = True

    async def produce(self, tasks):
        """Producer: feed CAPTCHA tasks into the queue."""
        for task in tasks:
            await self.queue.put(task)
        # Signal consumers to stop
        for _ in range(self.num_consumers):
            await self.queue.put(None)

    async def consume(self, result_handler):
        """Consumer: solve CAPTCHAs and call result handler."""
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
            while True:
                task = await self.queue.get()
                if task is None:
                    self.queue.task_done()
                    break

                try:
                    result = await self._solve(session, task["method"], **task["params"])
                    self.solved_count += 1
                    if result_handler:
                        await result_handler(task, result)
                except Exception as e:
                    self.error_count += 1
                    print(f"Error: {e}")
                finally:
                    self.queue.task_done()

    async def run(self, tasks, result_handler=None):
        """Run the producer-consumer pipeline."""
        # Start producer
        producer = asyncio.create_task(self.produce(tasks))

        # Start consumers
        consumers = [
            asyncio.create_task(self.consume(result_handler))
            for _ in range(self.num_consumers)
        ]

        # Wait for everything to finish
        await producer
        await asyncio.gather(*consumers)

        print(f"Complete: {self.solved_count} solved, {self.error_count} errors")

    async def _solve(self, session, method, **params):
        async with session.post("https://ocr.captchaai.com/in.php", data={
            "key": self.api_key, "method": method, "json": 1, **params,
        }) as resp:
            data = await resp.json(content_type=None)
            if data.get("status") != 1:
                raise Exception(f"Submit: {data.get('request')}")
            task_id = data["request"]

        for _ in range(30):
            await asyncio.sleep(5)
            async with session.get("https://ocr.captchaai.com/res.php", params={
                "key": self.api_key, "action": "get", "id": task_id, "json": 1,
            }) as resp:
                result = await resp.json(content_type=None)
                if result.get("status") == 1:
                    return result["request"]
        raise TimeoutError("Timed out")


# Usage
async def handle_result(task, token):
    url = task["params"]["pageurl"]
    print(f"Solved for {url}: {token[:30]}...")


async def main():
    queue = ProducerConsumerQueue(API_KEY, num_consumers=5)

    tasks = [
        {"method": "userrecaptcha", "params": {"googlekey": f"SITEKEY_{i}", "pageurl": f"https://example.com/page{i}"}}
        for i in range(20)
    ]

    await queue.run(tasks, result_handler=handle_result)


asyncio.run(main())

优先队列

当某些验证码比其他验证码更重要时：

import asyncio
from dataclasses import dataclass, field

API_KEY = "YOUR_API_KEY"


@dataclass(order=True)
class PriorityTask:
    priority: int
    task: dict = field(compare=False)


class PriorityCaptchaQueue:
    """CAPTCHA queue with priority levels."""

    def __init__(self, api_key, num_workers=5):
        self.api_key = api_key
        self.queue = asyncio.PriorityQueue()
        self.num_workers = num_workers
        self.results = {}

    async def submit(self, task_id, method, priority=5, **params):
        """Submit with priority (lower number = higher priority)."""
        await self.queue.put(PriorityTask(
            priority=priority,
            task={"id": task_id, "method": method, "params": params},
        ))

    async def process(self):
        """Process all queued tasks by priority."""
        workers = [asyncio.create_task(self._worker()) for _ in range(self.num_workers)]

        # Wait for queue to drain
        await self.queue.join()

        # Cancel workers
        for w in workers:
            w.cancel()

        return self.results

    async def _worker(self):
        import aiohttp
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:
            while True:
                item = await self.queue.get()
                task = item.task
                try:
                    result = await self._solve(session, task["method"], **task["params"])
                    self.results[task["id"]] = {"status": "solved", "token": result}
                except Exception as e:
                    self.results[task["id"]] = {"status": "error", "error": str(e)}
                finally:
                    self.queue.task_done()

    async def _solve(self, session, method, **params):
        import aiohttp
        async with session.post("https://ocr.captchaai.com/in.php", data={
            "key": self.api_key, "method": method, "json": 1, **params,
        }) as resp:
            data = await resp.json(content_type=None)
            if data.get("status") != 1:
                raise Exception(data.get("request"))
            task_id = data["request"]

        for _ in range(30):
            await asyncio.sleep(5)
            async with session.get("https://ocr.captchaai.com/res.php", params={
                "key": self.api_key, "action": "get", "id": task_id, "json": 1,
            }) as resp:
                result = await resp.json(content_type=None)
                if result.get("status") == 1:
                    return result["request"]
        raise TimeoutError()


# Usage
async def main():
    pq = PriorityCaptchaQueue(API_KEY, num_workers=3)

    # High priority — checkout pages
    await pq.submit("checkout_1", "turnstile", priority=1, sitekey="KEY", pageurl="https://shop.com/checkout")

    # Normal priority — product pages
    for i in range(5):
        await pq.submit(f"product_{i}", "userrecaptcha", priority=5, googlekey="KEY", pageurl=f"https://shop.com/p/{i}")

    # Low priority — info pages
    for i in range(3):
        await pq.submit(f"info_{i}", "userrecaptcha", priority=10, googlekey="KEY", pageurl=f"https://shop.com/info/{i}")

    results = await pq.process()
    for task_id, result in results.items():
        print(f"{task_id}: {result['status']}")


asyncio.run(main())

监控和报告

import time
from dataclasses import dataclass, field


@dataclass
class QueueMetrics:
    submitted: int = 0
    solved: int = 0
    failed: int = 0
    total_solve_time: float = 0.0
    start_time: float = field(default_factory=time.time)

    @property
    def avg_solve_time(self):
        return self.total_solve_time / self.solved if self.solved else 0

    @property
    def success_rate(self):
        total = self.solved + self.failed
        return (self.solved / total * 100) if total else 0

    @property
    def throughput(self):
        elapsed = time.time() - self.start_time
        return self.solved / elapsed * 60 if elapsed > 0 else 0

    def report(self):
        return (
            f"Submitted: {self.submitted} | "
            f"Solved: {self.solved} | "
            f"Failed: {self.failed} | "
            f"Avg time: {self.avg_solve_time:.1f}s | "
            f"Success: {self.success_rate:.1f}% | "
            f"Throughput: {self.throughput:.0f}/min"
        )

故障排除

症状	原因	处理方式
队列增长但任务未完成	太多的工作人员压垮了 API	减少 `max_workers` / `max_concurrent`
`ERROR_NO_SLOT_AVAILABLE`	API并发限制达到	在提交之间添加延迟
任务卡在队列中	工作线程因异常而死亡	将工作循环包装在 try/except 中
记忆随着时间的推移而增长	结果未消耗	定期调用`get_results()`
异步队列块	缺少 `await`	确保等待所有异步调用

常见问题

我可以运行多少个并发求解？

CaptchaAI 处理服务器端的并发。从 10 个并发工作人员开始，然后根据您的计划限制增加。检查 ERROR_NO_SLOT_AVAILABLE 以了解何时限制。

我应该使用线程还是异步？

将 asyncio 用于新项目 - 它可以更有效地处理 I/O-bound CAPTCHA 解决方案。如果集成到现有同步代码中，请使用线程。

如何处理 API 速率限制？

使用信号量（异步）或有界队列（线程）来限制并发请求。如果您点击 ERROR_NO_SLOT_AVAILABLE，请在提交之间添加短暂的延迟。

概括

验证码解决队列将提交与轮询分离，从而实现并行解决CaptchaAI。为同步代码选择线程，为现代 Python 选择异步，为连续工作负载选择生产者-消费者。

Python 剧作家 Captchaai 实用指南
构建客户端验证码管道 Captchaai
构建负责任的自动化 Captchaai

使用 CaptchaAI 在 Python 中构建验证码求解队列